Isi yose iritegura ubwirakabiri bw’ikinyejana: umwijima uzamara iminota 6

Iyi nkuru yakusanyijwe na Laurent Habimana, wize Itangazamakuru n’Itumanaho muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, akaba ari Umusomyi wa UMUSEKE

Hirya no hino ku migabane yose y’isi, abashakashatsi, abagenzi, ndetse n’abantu basanzwe bagira amatsiko y’ikirere n’isanzure bamaze guca akarongo ku itariki imwe yo mu mpeshyi ku ndangaminsi zabo.

Abashakashatsi b’abahanga mu by’ikirere n’isanzure batangaje ko ku wa 2 Kanama 2027, ihuriro ridasanzwe ry’Izuba, Ukwezi n’Isi rizahindura ku manywa hakaboneka igicuku gito giteye ubwoba mu murongo muto uva ku Nyanja ya Atalantika ugana mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, mu gihe abandi bantu babarirwa muri za miliyoni bazabona ubwirakabiri bw’igice kinini mu Burayi no muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru, nk’uko tubikesha urubuga aliceadabridal n’izindi mbuga zabigarutseho.

Inzira y’ubwirakabiri bwa 2027 n’aho umwijima uzabudika

Ubwirakabiri bwuzuye bw’Izuba bubaho iyo Ukwezi kunyuze imbere y’Izuba kukaripfukirana ryose ku babireba bari mu murongo wihariye witwa inzira y’umwijima wuzuye. Ahandi hatari muri uwo murongo, abantu babona gusa igice cy’Izuba gipfukiranwe – na byo birashamaje ndetse biteye amatsiko, ariko bitandukanye cyane n’umwijima wuzuye.

Ibizaba rero ku wa 2 Kanama 2027 biri muri icyo cyiciro kidasanzwe. Abahanga mu by’ikirere bavuga ko ari bumwe mu bwirakabiri buhambaye kandi budasanzwe bwo mu kinyejana cya 21, haba ku birebana n’igihe buzamara ndetse n’uturere buzanyuramo. Igicucu kizabanza kugera ku Isi mu Nyanja ya Atalantika, hanyuma kigende gisesekara mu burasirazuba kinyuze mu majyepfo y’u Burayi, Afurika y’Amajyaruguru no ku mwigimbakirwa w’Arabiya (Arabian Peninsula).

Mu Burayi, inzira y’umwijima wuzuye izanyura gato ku isonga y’amajyepfo ya Espagne. Umurongo muto uva hafi ya Seville ugana ku nkomane ya Gibraltar (Gibraltar Strait/Détroit de Gibraltar) uzasiga ku manywa hahinduka ijoro mu minota myinshi, mu gihe igice kinini cy’u Burayi – uva muri Portugal ukagera mu Burayi bwo hagati n’igice kinini cy’Ubutaliyani – kizabona ubwirakabiri bw’igice bugaragara cyane.

Gusa umurongo muto uva mu majyepfo ya Espagne ugaca muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru ugana mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati ni wo uzabona Izuba rizimira burundu, mu gihe ahandi hose mu Burayi bazabona ubwirakabiri bw’igice kinini.

Mu majyaruguru cyane, nko muri Scandinavia no mu bice bimwe by’amajyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’Uburusiya bw’u Burayi ho ibi ntibibareba: aho ho ubu bwirakabiri ntibuzagaragara na gato.

Uko Ubutaliyani buzabibona: ubwirakabiri hafi ya bwose ku Nyanja ya Mediterane
Ubutaliyani buzaba buri hanze y’umurongo muto w’umwijima wuzuye, ariko uko buzagaragara bizaba bishishikaje cyane. Ubwirakabiri buzagera mu gihugu mu gitondo, Izuba riri hejuru mu kirere. Ukwezi kuzagaragara nk’ukugenda kwinjira ku mubyimba w’Izuba, kugenda gukingiriza igice kinini cyaryo buhoro buhoro uko iminota izaba igenda.

Uburyo buzagaragaramo buzahinduka cyane bitewe n’intera y’aho umuntu azaba ari. Mu bice by’amajyaruguru, Ukwezi kuzapfukirana gato hejuru ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’Izuba, bigabanye urumuri kandi bigabanye cyane ubukana bwaryo. Mu majyepfo, bizaba bikabije cyane. Mu Butaliyani bwo hagati no mu majyepfo, Izuba rizasigara ari agace gato cyane rwose.

Ku nkombe zo mu majyepfo ya Sicily, cyane cyane hafi y’imijyi nka Ragusa na Noto, byitezwe ko Izuba rizaba rihishe hafi ya ryose, rigapfukiranwa kugera kuri 99%. Hazasigara gusa umucyo muto umeze nk’umuheto, ugaragaza ku nyanja no mu mijyi yo ku nkombe umucyo uteye ubwoba kandi umeze nk’uw’icyuma kirabagirana.

Amatara yo ku mihanda ashobora kuzaba yacanwa. Inyamaswa zishobora kuzaba zitwara nk’aho ari nimugoroba. Ariko nyamara ku butaka bw’Ubutaliyani, impande z’Izuba ntizizazimira burundu.

Kugira ngo babone umwijima wuzuye nyawo, ababireba bo mu Butaliyani bazasabwa kujya ku nkombe z’inyanja, mu mazi rwagati mu majyepfo ya Lampedusa, aho igicucu cy’Ukwezi kizanyura kuri Mediterane mbere yo kwerekeza mu Misiri.

Uko mu Misiri bizaba byifashe: iminota irenga itandatu y’umwijima

Inkuru nyamukuru yo ku wa 2 Kanama 2027 izaturuka muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru. Nyuma yo kwambuka inyanja, igicucu nyamukuru cy’Ukwezi kizanyura ku nkombe za Misiri gikomeza mu butayu. Aho, mu gice cy’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba cy’akarere ka Wadi al-Jadid, ni ho ubwirakabiri buzagera ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane twakwita nk’agasongero kabwo.

Imibare y’abahanga mu by’ubwirakabiri igaragaza ko abazaba babirebera hafi aho bazabona umwijima wuzuye mu gihe kigera ku minota 6 n’amasegonda 23. Ku bw’ubwirakabiri bugezweho bwo mu myaka iheruka buboneka ku butaka, icyo kizaba ari igihe kidasanzwe cyane. Ubwirakabiri bwo mu 2009 muri Aziya bwaburenzeho gato mu gihe (length), ariko igice kinini cy’igihe kirekire cyabereye hejuru y’Inyanja ya Pasifika.

Muri Wadi al-Jadid, umwijima uzagera ku butaka nyabwo. Izuba rizabanza kugabanuka ribe nk’umushumi w’umuzenguruko muto w’urumuri, hanyuma rizime burundu ubwo umurasire waryo wa nyuma uzazimira. Ubushyuhe buzagabanuka cyane kandi vuba. Inyenyeri zizagaragara ku manywa. Umwenda w’urumuri rw’Izuba (corona) uzahita ugaragara utambitse mu kirere cyijimye.

Ukurikije uko ibipimo biteganijwe bibigaragaza ubu, nta bundi bwirakabiri bw’Izuba buzongera gutanga igihe kirekire nk’iki ku butaka mbere ya tariki ya 3 Kamena 2114!

Ibi byonyine bituma ubwirakabiri bwa 2027 buba igikorwa cy’igihe kirekire mu bisekuruza byinshi ku bahanga, ku bakurikirana ubwirakabiri n’imiryango ituye ku nzira yabwo.

Impamvu ubu bwirakabiri buzamara igihe kirekire bene ako kageni

Si ubwirakabiri bwuzuye bwose bumara igihe kimwe n’icyo ubu buzamara. Hari ubushobora kumara munsi y’umunota. Ubundi, nk’ubwa 2027, bumara hejuru y’iminota itandatu. Itandukaniro riterwa n’ihuriro ry’imiterere y’inzira z’inyenyeri n’igihe.

Intera y’Ukwezi n’Isi: iyo Ukwezi kwegereye Isi cyane (perigee), kugaragara ari kunini kurushaho bigatuma gupfukirana Izuba neza.

Intera y’Isi n’Izuba: mu ntangiriro za Kanama, Isi iba iri kure gato y’Izuba kurusha muri Mutarama, bigatuma Izuba rigaragara ari rito ho gato.

Uko inzira ihagaze: iyo igicucu cy’Ukwezi kinyuze hafi y’umurongo w’ikirere (equator/équateur) kandi kigakurikira urugendo rw’uko Isi izenguruka, umuvuduko wacyo ugereranyije n’ubuso bw’Isi uragabanuka, bigatuma umwijima umara igihe kirekire.

Mu 2027 rero, ibi byose bizahurira hamwe mu buryo bwuzuye. Ukwezi kuzagaragara ari kunini mu kirere, Izuba ari rito ho gato, kandi igicucu kizanyura mu nzira ituma kigenda buhoro, bityo umwijima ukarenga iminota itandatu mu bice bya Misiri n’utundi duce dukikije.

Ibyo abantu bazabona n’uko bizatuma biyumva

Abahanga mu by’ikirere bakunda kuvuga kuri siyansi y’imibare ijyanye n’inzira z’imibumbe mu isanzure hamwe n’imiterere y’inyenyeri. Ku bantu benshi basanzwe ariko, ubwirakabiri bushingiye ku kirere gusa, si ku mibare. Ubwa 2027 buzatanga ubunararibonye butandukanye bitewe n’aho ababureba bazaba bari.

Mu inzira y’umwijima wuzuye: Izuba rizaba rihishe rwose, umwenda w’urumuri rw’Izuba ugaragara, inyenyeri n’imibumbe bigaragara; urumuri n’ubushyuhe bigabanuka cyane, igicuku gikomeye ku manywa.

Hafi yo kuzimira burundu (95-99%): Izuba rizaba ari umuheto muto cyane; amabara adasanzwe, igicucu kirekire, inyamaswa zishobora guhungabana ariko nta joro ryuzuye.

Ubwirakabiri bw’igice bugereranyije (50-80%): Igice kinini cy’Izuba gipfukiranwe; urumuri rwijimyeho gato, umwuka ukonje, ariko hakiri ku manywa.

Ku nkombe zo mu majyepfo ya Sicily (Ikirwa cy’Abataliyani kiri mu Nyanja nto ya Mediterane) no mu bice bimwe by’amajyepfo ya Espagne biri hafi ariko bitari munsi y’igicucu nyamukuru, urumuri rushobora kumera nk’urudasanzwe cyane. Izuba rizagabanuka cyane, ariko ntihagere ku ijoro ryuzuye. Amabara ashobora kutazagaragara neza mu buryo butunguranye kandi butangaje.

Umutekano mbere ya byose: uko wabireba utangiza amaso

Ubwirakabiri bwa 2027 buzakurura abamenyereye kubureba n’imiryango izasohoka irebe byihuse. Urwo ruvange rero ruzatera impungenge nk’uko bisanzwe: ibyo bituma hakomeza kwibutswa ikibazo cy’umutekano w’amaso. Kureba Izuba ritwikiriye gake cyangwa cyane utarinze amaso bishobora kwangiza imboni y’ijisho (retina) utabizi.

Uburyo bwonyine bwizewe mu byiciro by’ubwirakabiri bw’igice ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byabugenewe byo kuyungurura urumuri cyangwa kurebera mu buryo butaziguye.

Harimo:
• Amadarubindi yabugenewe y’ubwirakabiri yujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga, adafite ibishushanyo cyangwa ibice byangiritse.
• Ibikoresho byo kurebera Izuba bifashwe mu ntoki cyangwa ikirahuri cyo gusudira gifite urwego rukwiye, byapimwe mbere.
• Uburyo bwo kwerekana umwobo muto (pinhole projection), aho umwobo muto mu gapapuro werekana ishusho y’Izuba ku buso bushashe.

Mu gihe cy’umwijima wuzuye ahantu Izuba rizimira burundu, ababireba bashobora gukuraho by’agateganyo ibikoresho by’umutekano bakareba umwenda w’urumuri rw’Izuba (corona) n’amaso yabo. Ariko akanya kose imirasire ya mbere y’urumuri igarutse, bagomba kongera kwirinda. Uturere nk’Ubutaliyani tutazabona umwijima wuzuye ku butaka tuzasabwa gukoresha ibikoresho byo kwirinda mu gihe cyose ubwirakabiri buzamara.

Kuva ku bukerarugendo kugera kuri siyansi: uko uturere twitegura

Ubwirakabiri bumara igihe kirekire ntibujya bubura ingaruka ku nzego z’ibanze. Imijyi n’utundi duce turi hafi y’inzira akenshi byitegura kwakira abashyitsi benshi. Amajyepfo ya Espagne, ibice bya Maroc, Misiri na Saudi Arabia/Arabie Saoudite bishobora kwitega igitutu ku mahoteli, ku bigo by’ingendo no ku buryo bwo gutwara abantu mu mpeshyi ya 2027.

Ku bahanga, umwijima umara igihe kirekire ku butaka ni impano idasanzwe. Wa mwenda w’urumuri rw’Izuba, usanzwe uhishwe n’urumuri rukabije rw’Izuba, ubona amahirwe yo kwigwa neza. Abahanga mu by’ikirere bateganya ibikorwa byo gupima ubushyuhe, imbaraga za rukuruzi n’imiterere mito mito yo mu kirere cy’Izuba, bakoresheje ibikoresho byo ku butaka n’ibyogajuru byahujwe.

Abashinzwe iteganyagihe n’abashakashatsi ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere na bo babyitaho cyane. Kugabanuka kwihuse k’ubushyuhe mu gihe cy’umwijima w’ubwirakabiri bishobora guhindura imiyaga n’uko ibicu byiyubaka ku gipimo gito. Kugereranya amakuru aturuka mu bwirakabiri butandukanye bifasha kunoza imiterere yo gusobanukirwa uko urumuri rw’Izuba rugira ingaruka ku kirere cyo hasi.

Kureba ibiri imbere bizaba: ibikoresho n’igerageza ry’igihe (simulations)

Abatekereza kujya kureba ubwirakabiri bwa 2027 basanzwe bafite uburyo burambuye bwo kwitegura. Ibigo bishinzwe ubumenyi bw’ikirere n’abashakashatsi bigenga bashyize ahagaragara amakarita agaragaza umurongo nyamukuru w’umwijima, uko bizagenda n’igihe cyitezwe ku hantu henshi cyane hatandukanye.

Aya makarita afasha abagenzi gupima ibintu byinshi: uko ibicu bikunze kuba bimeze, uburyo bwo kuhagera, ubutumburuke n’umutekano w’aho bazaba bari. Ahantu h’iminota itandatu y’umwijima ariko hakunze kugira ibicu byinshi hashobora kudashimisha nk’ahandi h’igihe kigufi gato ariko hafite amahirwe menshi y’ikirere gicyeye.

Ku mashuri n’amatsinda yo mu baturage ari hanze y’inzira y’umwijima wuzuye, iki gikorwa n’ubundi kizaba gitanga amahirwe akomeye yo kwigisha. Ibikorwa byoroshye nko kubaka ‘pinhole projectors’ (umwobo muto mu gapapuro werekana ishusho y’Izuba ku buso bushashe), gukurikirana uko ishusho y’Izuba ihinduka, cyangwa gupima impinduka z’ubushyuhe ukoresheje ibyuma bidahambaye, bishobora guhindura icyo gitondo isomo rya siyansi ry’ubumenyi-ngiro rikorwa mu buzima busanzwe.

Ubwirakabiri bwa 2027 kandi busobanura neza ingingo yagutse: itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubwirakabiri bw’igice, ubwirakabiri bw’impeta y’izuba (annular) n’ubwirakabiri bwuzuye. Abantu benshi bazibuka ubwirakabiri bw’impeta bwo mu myaka ishize, aho Ukwezi kwagaragaraga gato kurusha Izuba, hasigara umuzenguruko w’urumuri. Mu 2027, ku rundi ruhande, Ukwezi kuzagaragara ari kunini kurusha Izuba mu murongo wo hagati, bigatanga igitangaza gitandukanye n’ihinduka rikomeye cyane ry’ikirere cyo ku manywa.