Buri muryango mugari wose ugira abantu ufata nk’ikitegererezo bitewe n’ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa bakoze, akenshi usanga aribo bagarukwaho nk’inkingi, imbarutso y’iterambere, umudendezo no gucungurwa ku umuryango mugari. Ibi binyana no kubarata ku bikorwa bakoze ndetse bagasingizwa ubutitsa kuko babaye aho abandi bagomye kandi bakahatambukana umucyo ariko batuma benshi umutima usubira impembero.
Kuva na kera na kare mu Rwanda rwa Gihanga warwaguye rukanda amahanga rukarenga Gasabo rukandira Nduga, Bugesera, I Gisaka n’ahandi habaye intwari zarurasaniye aho zambitswe imidende, impotore ndetse bakanacanirwa uruti, aba twavuga nk’Umwami Kigeli III Ndabarasa wambitswe umudende ubwo yari akiri igikomangoma kubera kwivugana ababisha barindwi ku rugamba.
Umudende kandi wambitswe umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugiri awambitswe na Nyiringango ya Nyagahinga wabarizwaga mu mutwe w’Ingangurarugo.
Abandi bashimirwaga ubutwari bagaragaje ku rugamba mu kwagura u Rwanda ni abambikwaga impotore kubera kwica ababisha cumi na bane ku rugamba ndetse n’abacanirwaga uruti rw’icumu nyuma yo kuzuza umubare w’ababisha 21 babaga barivuganye ku rugamba.
Tariki 1 Gashyantare buri mwaka, u Rwanda rwizihiza umunsi mukuru w’Intwari z’u Rwanda, aho hazirikanwa ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa byagaragajwe n’abanyarwanda mu ngeri zinyuranye harimo abaharaniye ubwisanzure bwa benshi ndetse n’abemeye guhara ubuzima bwabo ku bw’Igihugu.
Intwari ni muntu ki?
Intwari ni umuntu witanga akiha intego akurikirana kandi agomba kugeraho birangira havuyemo igikorwa cy’ikirenga gifitiye abandi akamaro, ibi akabikora mu bupfura kandi nta nyungu bwite agamije, akirinda ubugwari mu migirire ye, ntagamburuzwe n’amananiza.
Ku rwego rw’igihugu, igikorwa cyuje ubutwari gishobora kugaragarira mu byiciro byose by’imibereho y’abantu n’iy’ igihugu: nko kugitabara, kugitabariza, kukirengera no kugiteza imbere mu bukungu, mu mibereho myiza y’abagituye, mu buyobozi bwiza, mu bumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga no mu byerekeye umutekano n’amahoro.
Intwari z’u Rwanda ziri mu byiciro bitatu
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Intwari z’igihuu ziri mu byiciro bitatu (3) aribyo Imanzi, Imena n’Ingenzi. Ibi byiciro byose bifatwa nk’inzego zibarizwamo.
Icyiciro cy’Imanzi gishyirwamo intwari y’ikirenga yagaragaje ibikorwa by’akataraboneka birangwa n’ubwitange buhebuje, byumwihariko muri iki cyiciro hashyirwamo intwari itakiriho. Aha habarizwamo musiririkare utazwi izina na Maj. Gen. Fred Gisa Rwigema watangije urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu.
Naho Imena hajyamo intwari igwa mu ntege Imanzi, ikaba inkwakuzi mu kugaragaza ibikorwa byiza bidasanzwe mu gihugu, birangwa n’ubwitange n’urugero bihanitse.
Aha harimo Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa wabatijwe n’abazungu Charles Leon Pierre, Michel Rwagasana, Agatha Uwiringiyimana, Felicite Niyitegeka ndetse n’abanyeshuri b’i Nyange bunze ubumwe bakanga kwitandukanya ku wa 18 Werurwe 1997, ubwo baterwaga n’abacengezi.
Icyiciro cya gatatu ni Ingenzi, intwari iyinga Imena ikaba inkwakuzi mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo cyangwa ibikorwa by’ingirakamaro birangwa n’ubwitange buhebuje akamaro gakomeye n’urugero ruhanitse. Kimwe no mu rwego rw’Imena, mu rwego rw’ingenzi hashyirwamo intwari zitakiriho cyangwa iziriho.
Umwihariko w’iki cyiciro nuko nta ntwari iraboneka ngo ishyirwemo uretse izikirimo gukorwaho ubushakashatsi.
Maj Gen. Fred Gisa Rwigema wabereye urugero ruhebuje ku bamuzi n’abatamuzi ni muntu ki?
Maj Gen. Fred Gisa Rwigema ni mwene Kimonyo Anastase na Mukandirima Gatarina. Yavukiye Mukiranze mu Kagari ka Kidahwe, Umurenge wa Nyamiyaga mu Karere ka Kamonyi, abona izuba ku wa 10 Mata 1957.
Ku myaka itatu y’amavuko nibwo yahunganye n’ababyeyi be berekeza mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Uganda kubera intambara yo mu 1959-1960 yaranzwe no gutoteza no kwica Abatutsi mu Rwanda ,byatumye benshi bagana iy’ubuhungiro.
Hamwe n’umuryango we babaye mu nkambi nka Nshungerezi muri Ankole no muri Kahunge muri Toro, ari naho yize amashuri abanza kuva mu mwka w’ 1966 kugeza mu 1972.
Yaje gukomereza amashuri yisumbuye mu kigo cya Mbarara High School cyabaga muri Ankole, ahayinga mu mwaka w’1973. Yakuze akunda gusoma ibitabo by’abaharaniye kubohoza ibihugu byabo nka Kwame Nkrumah, Mao-Tse Tung, Fidel Castro n’abandi.
Mu buto bwe yangaga akarengane n’amacakubiri akanabirwanya nta kuzuyaza, urugero ruzwi ni nk’igihe umwarimu wabo witwaga Oto Bere yashimuswe n’abasirikare ba Idi Amin Dada umunyagitugu wategetse Uganda, aho Rwigema akibimenya yakoranyije ishuri ryose, maze abanyeshuri bagera kuri 800 bafunga inzira zavaga ku kigo, imodoka y’aba basirikare ibura aho ica, umwarimu birangira batamukuye aho.
Mu rugendo rwo guharanira ubumwe, amahoro no guhagarika ubwicanyi n’amacakubiri, yabikomereje mu mutwe wa FRONASA (Front for National Salvation) wakoreraga muri Tanzania ufashwa na Mwalimu Julius Nyerere aho wateguraga kurwanya ubutegetsi bubi bwari muri Uganda.
Aha Rwigema yari umugaba wari ukuriye “Mondlane 4th Infantry Column”, nyuma yaje kuba umusirikare w’ingabo za Uganda zitwaga UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army) aho bari bamaze gukuraho ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Idi Amin Dada.
Mu mwaka w’1980 yagizwe umujyanama wa Perezida Yoweri Kaguta Museveni wari warafashe ubutegetsi.
Mu 1985 Maj Gen Fred Rwigema yayoboraga umutwe w’ingabo za NRA (National Resistance Mouvement) aho abasore b’Abanyarwanda bitoreje kuzabohora u Rwanda.
Rwigema yabaye umusirikari ufite imikorere n’imyitwarire y’indakemwa, akaba intangarugero mu kubahiriza amategeko, akagira ikinyabupfura n’ububasha budasanzwe mu kuyobora.
Yatsinze ibitero byinshi mu ntambara za Uganda ndetse muri iyo myaka yarwaniraga mu mahanga, Rwigema yahozaga u Rwanda ku mutima, yakundaga kuvuga ati “kuzabohora u Rwanda ni ngombwa”, “u Rwanda rugomba kuva mu karengane byanze bikunze, nubwo byazageza ryari ndetse naho bamwe muri twe baba barapfuye”.
Ntiyahwemye kwifatanya n’abandi banyarwanda bari bibumbiye muri RANU (Rwanda Alliance for National Unity) kuva mu w’1979 ubwo bitegura kuzabohora u Rwanda ndetse akanashishikariza abana b’abanyarwanda bahamusangaga gukunda u Rwanda.
Nyuma yo kwagura amarembo ku banyarwanda bose, RANU ikaba umuryango nibwo yahawe izina rya RPF Inkotanyi. Ubwo yateguraga igitero cyo mu Kwakira 1990, yararitse abantu bose yabonaga bashoboye kandi bifuza gufatanya n’Inkotanyi. Areba abo bahuje ibitekerezo ndetse basangiye no gukunda u Rwanda yaba bari mu Rwanda n’imahanga. Bose yabahuje mu gihe gito kandi abashakira ibikoresho by’intambara byari bikenewe byose bikorwa mu ibanga nk’abantu bari mu gihugu kitari icyabo.
Fred Gisa Rwigema yatabarutse tariki 2 Ukwakira 1990 ku munsi wa Kabiri atangije urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu, agwa Mudugudu wa Nyampeke, Akagari ka Kayonza, Umurenge wa Matimba mu Karere ka Nyagatare kuri ubu.
Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa, umwami rukumbi mu ntwari z’u Rwanda
Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa ni umwe mu Ntwari z’Imena, akaba mwene Yuhi V Musinga na Nyiramavugo Kankazi Radegonde. Yaboneye izuba i mwima na Mushirarungu ya Nyanza muri Werurwe 1911.
Abazungu bamukuye ku Mana y’I Rwanda maze yemera kubatizwa ahabwa amazina na Musenyeri Leon Classe ku wa 17 Ukwakira 1943, aho yamubatije Charles Leon Pierre, maze abyarwa muri batisimu na Pierre Ryckmans wari Guverineri Mukuru wa Kongo-Mbiligi na Ruanda-Urundi.
Umwami Mutara yize mu ishuri ribanza ry’i Nyanza kuva mu 1919 kugeza 1923. Iri shuri ryari rigenewe abana b’abatware aho ryayoborwaga n’Ababiligi Defawe na Lenaerts. Mu myigire ye Rudahigwa yari umuhanga bitari mu ishuri gusa ahubwo no mu byo yiyigishaga ubwe.
Mbere yuko Rudahigwa yimikwa nk’umwami, yabanje gukora imirimo itandukanye, aho yabereye Se umukarani kuva mu Mwaka wa 1924 kugeza mu 1929, ubwo yahabwaga izindi nshingano zo kuba umutware wa Nduga n’ Amarangara.
Rudahigwa yimitswe na Guverineri Voisin ku wa 16 Ugushyingo 1931 aho yahise ahabwa izina rya Mutara III, Ubwo Se Yuhi Musinga yari amaze gukurwa ku ngoma aciwe mu Gihugu.
Amaze kwima ingoma, Mutara III Rudahigwa yafatanyije n’ubutegetsi bwa Leta mbiligi mu mirimo yose yatezaga imbere u Rwanda, yimanye abanyarwanda mu nzara ya Ruzagayura ndetse arangwa no gutanga ubutabera bwuzuye ku buryo atihanganiraga akarengane, ndetse agahana yihanukiriye abakomeye batsindwaga mu gihe baba bashaka guhuguza ibya rubanda.
Ubwo yagiranaga amakimbirane n’agatsiko k’ Abamisiyoneri bigaga mu ishuri rya Astrida i Butare bifatanyije n’abahagarariye abakoroni b’Ababiligi barangajwe imbere na Frere Secundien wari umuyobozi w’iryo shuri hamwe na Guverineri w’u Rwanda n’u Burundi, E. Jungers. Rudahigwa yabyitwayemo gitwari aburizamo umugambi bari bafite wo kumusebya no kumugambanira ku ntumwa z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ONU, ubwo zazaga gusura u Rwanda. Maze yumvisha abatware n’abaturage uko bazifata kuri abo bashyitsi badasanzwe.
Yagize ati “Buri wese afite icyo yinubira umubiligi ashobora kuba yaramufudikiye, ariko twe kuba abaswa kuko amafuti yabo badutegeka ino ashobora kuba atazwi na leta y’iwabo. Bityo ntitwakwiteranya nayo kubera abari ino badufudikira”.
Ayo mabwiriza yatanze yarakurikijwe ntibarega Ababiligi n’Umwami Rudahigwa ubwe abavuga neza birangira abamurwanyaga aribo bagaragaye nk’abanyabinyoma.
Uwiringiyimana Agathe umugore waranzwe n’umwete wuzuye ubutwari
Uwiringiyimana Agathe ni intwari yo mu cyiciro cy’Imena nawe, akaba mwene Ntibishirakandi Yuvenali na Nyirantibangwa Saverina, yavukiye i Gikore, ubu ni mu Kagari ka Sabusaro, Umurenge wa Kansi mu Karere ka Gisagara.
Ubutwari bwe bwatangiye kugaragara ubwo yashingaga koperative yo kubitsa no kugurizanya mu bayobozi n’abarimu bagenzi be aho yigishaga mu cyahoze ari Kaminuza Nkru y’u Rwanda iButare, ibintu byatumye abayobozi bakuru b’igihugu bamugira umuyobozi w’Inganda nto n’iziciriritse muri Minisiteri yari iy’Inganda n’Ubukorikori ahagana mu mwaka w’1989 kugeza muri Mata 1992.
Uwiringiyimana yaje kugirwa Minisitiri w’Amashuri abanza n’Ayisumbuye nyuma y’imishyikirano hagati ya Perezida Yuvenali Habyarimana n’amashyaka ataravugaga rumwe nawe harimo nka MDR.
Ubwo yari Minisitiri w’Amshuri yaranze no kurwanya no kurandura ivangura rishingiye ku moko mu mashuri ari nako ahangana na politike y’iringaniza mu mashuri yahezaga bamwe bigatuma batabona amahirwe yo kwiga nk’abandi maze abana bakemererwa kwiga hakurikijwe amanota bagize mu bizamini bya Leta.
Ku wa 17 Nyakanga 1993, Uwiringiyimana Agathe yagizwe Minisitiri w’Intebe, gusa ntibyashimisha benshi mu bayobozi bakuru b’igihugu n’abari mu ishyaka rye rya MDR kuko hari abifuzaga uwo mwanya yari ahawe, ibi byanatumye yirukanwa muri iri shyaka.
Umuhate we n’umurava byo kurwanya akarengano gashingiye ku moko yarabikomeje nka Minisitiri w’Intebe aho yahanganaga n’ubuyobozi bwariho bwimirije imbere amoko ariko we ntiyatinye kubamagana yivuye inyuma.
Ibi byatumye aza kwicwa n’ingabo za Perezida Habyarimana ku wa 7 Mata 1994, maze yicwa ubwo yari amaze kwitegura kujya kuri radiyo y’igihugu guhumuriza abanyarwanda bari bamaze gukuka umutima kubera Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari yatangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa.
Abanyeshuri b’i Nyange urugero rw’ubutwari mu bato
Mu 1997 igihugu cyari mu bihe bitari byiza kuko cyari cyarashwenywe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatusti mu 1994, ku wa 18 rishyira ku wa 19 Werurwe nibwo I Nyange mu Karere ka Ngororero ku Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Nyange abanyeshuri bigaga mu mwaka wa gatanu n’uwa gatandatu batewe n’abacengezi maze babasaba kwitandukanya Abatutsi bajya ukwabo n’Abahutu bajya ukwabo.
Gusa aba banyeshuri baranzwe n’ubutwari buhambaye kuko banze kwitandukanya bagira bati “Twese turi Abanyarwanda.” Ibi babisubije badakanzwe n’imbunda ndetse n’abaturage bari bitwaje intwaro gakondo.
Aba bacengezi bageze mu ishuri bamaze kwica umuzamu warindaga iri shuri undi akomerekejwe kuko aba banyeshuri bari babanje no kumva urusaku rw’amasasu, umwe muri bacengezi bari binjiye mu mwaka wa gatandatu wari ufite imbunda niwe wabategetse kwitandukanya ariko ntibabikora aribwo yatangiye kurasa atarobanuye.
Muri uko kurasa nibwo Bizimana Sylvestre, Mujawamahoro Chantal na Mukambaraga Beatrice bahise bicwa.
Bavuye mu mwaka wa Gatandatu bahise bakomereza mu wa Gatanu, naho babasabye kwitandukanya barabatsembera aribwo bahise bafata Mukarutwaza Seraphine bavuga ko babonye umututsi wa mbere maze bahita bamwica. Hishwe kandi Benimana Helene na Ndemeye Valens.
Gusa aba bacengezi baje kumeneshwa n’ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zanafashije abanyeshuri bari bakomerekejwe.
Intwari z’Imena z’i Nyange zose hamwe ni 47, 40 nibo bakiriho naho barindwi bo bishwe n’abacengezi ubwo babagabagaho igitero, gusa umwe yapfuye muri Nyakanga 2001 azize ibikomere yatewe.
Aba bana bato b’abanyeshuri bakaba batanga uregero rwiza rwo gushyira hamwe no kwanga amacakubiri ku bakiri bato bijyanye no gukundana byatumye muri bo babizira.
Mu zindi ntwari zibarizwa mu cyiciro cy’Imena ni Niyitegeka Felicite wari mushiki wa Koroneli Nzungize Alphonse wemeye guhara ubuzima bwe yanga guterena Abatutsi bahigagwa bari mu Kigo cya St Pierre.
Undi ni Rwagasana Michel wakoze imirimo inyuranye muri Leta ariko akarangwa no kugaragaza ubumuntu mu mibereho ye, agakunda abandi ndetse agahangana na politike y’amacakubiri ibyatumye ahasiga ubuzima.
Rwagasana yabaye kandi umunyamabanga w’Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa, yiciwe Nyamyumba muri Ruhengeri mu gitero cyiswe icy’inyenzi mu Kuboza 1963 kuri Repubulika ya Mbere.
NKURUNZIZA Jean Baptiste / UMUSEKE.RW