Intambara yiswe iy’imyaka 100, uko yatangiye n’uko Abafaransa baje kuyitsinda         

Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier/Umwarimu muri PIASS

Ni intambara yatangiye mu mwaka wa 1337 hagati y’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa n’Ubwongereza irangira mu 1453 itsinzwe n’Abafaransa. Yatewe ahanini n’amakimbirane akomeye hagati y’ibihugu byombi kubera kutumvikana kuri nyiri ubutaka bw’igice cy’Ubufaransa cyitwa Aquitaine. Ubwo butaka bwabaye ubw’Abongereza kuva igihe Umwami wabo Henri II yashyingiranwe n’Umwamikazi Aliénor d’Aquitaine (1122-1204).

Aquitaine ni igice cy’Amajyepfo gishyira uburengerazuba bw’Ubufaransa, gikora ku Nyanja ya Atlantika, ku rubibi rw’igihugu cya Espagne, gifite ubuso bwa kilometer kare 41 308. Muri Aquitaine hazwiho kubayo umuvinyo (vin) uryoha cyane. Ba Mukerarugendo bakunze kujyayo kuwusogongera. Amateka atwereka ko Abongereza n’Abami babo bakunze cyane uwo muvinyo wo muri Aquitaine. Umurwa mukuru wa Aquitaine ni Bordeaux.

Ubwo butaka bwa Aquitaine bwigaruriwe n’Abami b’Abongereza kuva mu mwaka wa 1188 kugeza mu 1453. Abafaransa bagerageza kubugaruza no kububohoza inshuro nyinshi mu myaka irenga ijana ariko biranga.

Byose bijya gutangira hari ku itariki ya 1 Kanama 1137, Umwamikazi Alienor d’Aquitaine yarongowe n’Umwami w’Ubufaransa Louis VII le Jeune (1120 – 1180) bakoze ubukwe bombi bafite imyaka 17 bombi, bamarana imyaka 15 nyuma baza gutandukana, Umwamikazi Alienor d’Aquitaine arongorwa bwa kabiri n’Umwami Henri Plantagenêt waje gutegeka Ubwongereza mu 1154 ahabwa izina rya Henri II, ariko akomeza kuyobora Aquitaine ubutaka bw’Umwamikazi Aliénor.

Kuri Noheli 1156, Umwami w’Abongereza Henri II yagarutse i Bordeaux kugira ngo bamuramye bamuhe icyubahiro, ariko Abafaransa ntibabyishimira. Kuva ubwo hatangira ibibazo, amakimbirane n’intambara yamaze imyaka irenga 100 hagati y’ubwami bwombi.

Mu mwaka wa 1308, Umwami w’Abongereza Edouard II (1284-1327) yaje kubenguka umukobwa w’Umwami w’Ubufaransa Philippe IV le Bel (1268-1314) witwaga Isabelle de France (1292-1358) wari uzwiho ubwiza bw’uburanga n’ubwenge. Babyaranye umwana w’umuhungu bamwita Edouard III waje gukura akaba Umwami w’Ubwongereza asimbuye se Edouard II mu mwaka wa 1327. Philippe le Bel wari sekuru na we amaze gupfa yabuze umusimbura kuko nta muhungu yari yabyaye. Kuko Isabelle de France atari yemerewe kumusimbura, hemejwe ko asimburwa n’umwishywa we Philippe VI de Valois (1293-1350).

Ku itariki ya 7 Ukwakira 1337 Edouard III yimye ku ngufu ingoma y’Ubufaransa yitwaje ko ari umwuzukuru w’umwami w’Ubufaransa Philippe IV le Bel ndetse akaba n’umwishywa w’Abami benshi b’Abafaransa. Abafaransa bavuze ko ibyo bidashoboka, intambara ikomeye yamaze imyaka ijana na cumi n’itandatu (116) iratangira mu 1348 bitewe n’indwara y’ubushita yishe nibura 1/3 cy’abaturage b’Uburayi. Mu kwezi kwa Nzeri 1355 Edouard de Woodstock umuhungu w’umwami Edouard III yageze i Bordeaux n’igitero cy’abasirikari, afata ubutaka bunini afunga n’Umwami w’Ubufaransa Jean le Bon, amufungira i Bordeaux, mu mwaka wa 1356 yajyanywe i Londres yemera gusinya i Brétigny ko ubutaka bwose bwo mu Majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba abuhaye Abongereza. Edouard III na we yemera ko atazongera kwiyita Umwami w’Ubafaransa.

Mu mwaka 1392, Charles VI (1368-1422) Umwami w’Abafaransa yafatiranye Abongereza bari mu ntambara hagati yabo, agaruza ubutaka bwa Aquitaine, Abongereza bongera kubusubirana mu 1415 kubera amakimbarane yari yavutse mu muryango w’ibwami mu Bufaransa. Umwami Henri V (1387-1422) w’Ubwongereza ayobora Ubufaransa. Hagati ya 1436 -1442, Umwami Charles VII (1403-1461) yongeye kubohoza umujyi wa Paris n’ubundi butaka bwari mu maboko y’Abongereza.  Mu 1452, Umwongereza John Talbot (1373-1453) wari ufite imyaka hafi 80 yayoboye igitero kinini cy’abasirikari yongera gufata no gusubirana ibice byose byari byabohojwe na Charles VII.

Ku itariki 17 Nyakanga 1453 nyuma y’iminsi mike umujyi wa Constatinople ufashwe n’Abaturukiya, Abafaransa bongeye kubohoza umujyi wabo wa Bordeaux wo muri Aquitaine. John Talbot n’umuhungu we bagwa ku rugamba. Abongereza benshi bagirwa imbohe, basinyishwa ko batazongera kwiyitirira Ubufaransa.

Ingaruka z’izo ntambara zabaye nyinshi cyane. Bivugwa ko ½ cy’abaturage bishwe n’izo ntambara, indwara y’ubushita na yo irabafatirana yica benshi. Ibyari amakimbirane y’Abami bihinduka amakimbirane yabyaye intambara yamaze imyaka irenga 100.  Abafaransa babayeho mu bwoba bibaza ko igihugu cyabo kizamirwa n’Abongereza.

Ibindi wakwisomera

1) Balard Michel, Genet Jean-Philippe, Rouche Michel, Le Moyen Âge en Occident, Paris, Hachette, 1999.
2) Verneuil Christophe, Etat et Etat-nation en France du XIIIe siècle à nos jours, Paris, Ellipses, 2012.
3) Contamine Philippe, La bataille de Castillon : fin de la guerre de Cent ans <https://francearchives.fr/fr/pages_histoire/39763>, November 2021.
4) La guerre de cent ans de 1337 à 1453, <https://www.laveissiere.fr/userfile/Histoire/La_guerre_de_Cent_Ans.pdf  La guerre de Cent Ans (de 1337 à 1453)>. November 2021
5) Guerre de cent ans <https://edu1d.ac-toulouse.fr/blog31/elem-brignemont/files/GUERRE-DE-CENT-ANS-LECTURE.pdf.>
6) La guerre de Cent Ans en 5 dates <https://www.lefigaro.fr/histoire/2017/10/06/26001-20171006ARTFIG00284-la-guerre-de-cent-ans-en-5-dates.php>, November 2021.

Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier/Umwarimu muri PIASS