Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier/umwarimu muri PIASS
Ni imitwe ikora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba mu bice birenga 19 ku isi harimo n’umugabane wa Afrika. Ni imitwe y’abahezanguni bagendera ku idini ya Islam. Bakifuza ko isi yategekwa n’amahame agenga idini ya Islam. Bakarwanya bivuye inyuma guhatirwa imico, imyumvire, n’amabwiriza by’Abanyaburayi. Imiziki, filimi, kureba umupira w’amaguru, kunywa inzoga n’ibindi birabujijwe. Iyo mitwe ifite abantu barenga 20.000 bayirwanirira muri Afrika kandi uwo mubare urakomeza kwiyongera.
Al- Qaida ni wo mutwe watangiye kwigaragaza mu mwaka wa 1988 ushinzwe na Osama bin Laden (1957-2011) hakurikiraho Al- Shabab, umutwe munini witwaza ibirwanisho ugizwe ahanini n’ubwoko bw’Abasomali mu gihugu cya Somalia. Watangijwe nyuma y’ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi bwa Gen Majoro Mohammed Siad Barre mu mwaka wa 1991 kuva icyo gihe Abasomali bacitsemo ibice habura umuyobozi wakumvirwa agashyira abantu hamwe.
Boko Haram ni undi mutwe watangiye kurwanya Leta uturutse mu Majyaruguru ya Nigeria mu 2002 utangijwe na Mohamed Yusuf (1970-2009). Wari ufite icyifuzo cyo gushyiraho Leta igendera ku mategeko ya Islam muri Afrika y’uburengerazuba. Boko Haram ntiyemera uburezi, umuco n’ubuhanga by’Abanyaburayi.
Iyi mitwe uko ari itatu ijyendera ku ngengabitekerezo ya salafism ibarizwa mu muryango w’Abasuni ugize 85% by’abayoboke bose b’idini ya Islam ku isi. Abasuni bahisemo gukurikira Abu Bakr wabaye umusangirangendo w’intumwa y’Imana Muhammad amusimbura ku buyobozi bw’idini ya Islam akaba Khalîfat wa mbere hagati y’umwaka wa 632 na 634.
General Carter Frederick Ham, wabaye komanda w’abasirikari b’Amerika muri Afrika (AFRICOM) hagati ya 2011 na 2013 yemeza ko Al-Shabab, Al-Qaida na Boko Haram bahererekanya abarwanyi ndetse bagafatanya no gukora imyitozo.
Daniel Agbiboa, umushakashatsi muri Kaminuza ya Oxford yemeza na we ko ingengabitekerezo y’iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba ivoma inyigisho z’ubuhezanguni mu ngengabitekerezo y’Abasalafi ivuga ko umuntu wese udakurikiza inyigisho z’idini ya Islam ari umuhakanyi.
Umwe mu mugambi ukomeye w’iyo mitwe ni ukurwanya inyungu z’ibihugu byo mu burengerazuba kandi bakarwanya inyungu z’ibihugu by’Afrika ziyirwanya. Aha twavuga nka Kenya, Uganda n’u Burundi kuko bohereje ingabo muri Somalia. Iyi mitwe yifuza gushyiraho Leta zigendera ku mahame y’idini ya Islam muri Afrika.
Bimwe mu bitero byabo bikomeye bikomeza kwibukwa mu karere k’ibiyaga binini ni bine:
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- Ku itariki ya 7 Kanama 1998 aho Ambasade za Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika muri Kenya na Tanzania zagabweho ibitero by’ibisasu by’abiyahuzi. Icyo gihe hibukwaga imyaka 8 ingabo za Amerika zishinze ibirindiro muri Saudi Arabia.
- Ku itariki ya 11 Nyakanga 2010 ibisasu 3 byaturikiye mu Mujyi wa Kampala, abantu 74 barimo kureba umupira w’amaguru w’igikombe cy’isi barishwe abandi 70 barakomereka.
- Kuri 21 Nzeri 2013 mu iduka rya Westgate shopping center i Nairobi hishwe abantu 60 abandi 200 barakomereka.
- Ku itariki 2 Mata 2015 muri Kaminuza ya Garissa muri Kenya, igitero cya Al-Shabab cyishe abanyeshuri 147 abandi 79 barakomereka.
Kuza kwibasira no gukorera muri Afrika iyo mitwe byarayoreheye cyane kubera imigenderanire hagati y’ibihugu by’Abarabu nka Saudi Arabia, Misiri, ikigobe cy’Abarabu n’ibihugu byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Afrika aho inyigisho zishingiye ku ngengabitekerezo ya Salafism na Wahabism zagiye zigishwa urubyiruko rwo muri ibyo bihugu.
Abayoboke bose b’iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba baba bifuza gusubira mu buzima bwa kera, idini rya Islam ryagenderagaho rigitangira, bakifuza kujyengwa n’amategeko ya Islam kugira ngo bubake ubuzima bushya bwiza buzira akarengane na ruswa.
Iyi mitwe yose y’iterabwoba ikurura cyane urubyiruko kubera ibibazo ruhura na byo.
Ubushomeri bukabije, ubukene, ivangura, kutagira ibyiringiro by’ejo hazaza, akenshi ni byo bituma urubyiruko rujyanwa muri iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba.
Ingengabitekerezo ya Salafism yatangiye cyane hagati y’impera y’ikinyenjana cya 19 n’itangiriro y’icya 20, aho abahanga Sayyid Jamal Al-Din Al-Afgani, Mohamed Abdouh na Rachid Rida bagarutse ku nyigisho za Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (780-855).
Ni inyigisho zakomejwe na Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) na Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) bakangurira abayoboke b’idini ya Islam gusubira ku ndangagaciro no ku myizere gakondo nyayo y’idini ryabo nk’uko byari bimeze mu gihe cy’Intumwa y’Imana Muhammad. Bagakurikiza amategeko n’amahame y’idini uko byanditswe mu gitabo gitagatifu.
Kubera urugomo rukabije, kuvusha amaraso k’iyi mitwe y’iterabwoba, Abasalafi benshi baje kwitandukanya n’iyi mitwe bayibutsa ko idini ya Islam ari idini ry’amahoro. Kwitiranya rero no gufata kimwe Abasalafisiti n’Abadjihadisiti bo mu mitwe y’iterabwoba ni ukwibeshya gukomeye.
Kuko abari muri iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba abenshi ntabwo basoma igitabo gitagatifu, ntabwo basengera mu misigiti. Usanga ndetse rimwe na rimwe bamwe bakoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Ntibavuga kandi ntibumva ururimi rw’Icyarabu nta nubwo barwiga. Abayobozi babo ntibakunze kumenyekana. Hari itandukaniro rinini hagati y’iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba n’abandi bayoboke b’idini ya Islam.
Mu Rwanda iyi mitwe y’iterabwoba yatangiye kuvugwa mu mwaka wa 2013 aho uwahoze akuriye ishami ry’ubugenzacyaha muri Polisi Assistant Commissioner Theos Badege, yavuze ko hari abantu bafashwe muri Rubavu, Ngororero n’i Kigali bafitanye isano n’imitwe y’iterabwoba.
Mu mwaka 2015 mu gihugu cya Centrafrika umusirikari w’Umunyarwanda wo mu idini ya Islam yarashe bagenzi be batanu abandi 8 barakomeraka, bamusanganye inyandiko zo mu mitwe y’iterabwoba.
Abanyafrika baba Abakirisito cyangwa Abasilamu batewe ubwoba bwinshi n’iyi mitwe y’iterabwoba nubwo ibihugu bimwe biri kugerageza kuyirwanya.
Hans Kresh umuhanga mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikari i Hamburg mu Budage yerekana ko bitoroshye kuyirwanya kuko bisaba ingamba zikomeye mu buryo bwa politiki, ubukungu n’iterambere. Ni ikibazo rero gikomeye kuko itarwanyijwe, bishobora gutuma abaturage bicamo ibice, ubwoba bafite bugatuma bahitamo kwitandukanya, bamwe bakana nk’Abakristo abandi nk’Abasilamu kubera urwikekwe. Niyo mpamvu amadini agomba gufatanya na Leta, akigisha akanahugura abayoboke bayo haba mu nsengero cyangwa mu mashuri kuko uburezi bubigiramo uruhare rukomeye.
Ibindi wa kwisomera
1) Stig Jarle Hansen, Al-Shabaab in Somalia. The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, Oxford University Press, 2017.
2) Andre Le Sage, The Rising Terrorist Threat in Tanzania: Domestic Islamist Militancy and Regional Threats, Strategic Forum No. 288, Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, September 2014.
3) Zachary Devlin-Foltz, Les Etats fragiles de l’Afrique: vecteurs de l’extrémisme, exportateurs du terrorisme, Bulletin de la sécurité africaine N° 6, Août 2010.
4) Hans Kresh, The Growing Influence of Al-Qaeda on the African Continent, Africa Spectrum, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2011.
5) Andrew Walker, What Is Boko Haram? <https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR308.pdf>, July 2021.
6) Daniel Agbiboa, Al-Shaba, the global jihad, and terrorism without borders,
<http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/al-shabab-global-jihad-terroris- 201392484238627603.html>, July 2021.
7) Shaul Shay, Somalia between Jihad and Restoration, Transaction Publishers New Brunswick, USA, 2012.
8) Kat Nikerson, Islam and Jihad against Christians in East Africa, <http://katsafrica.wordpress.com/2013/12/20/islams-jihad-against-christians-in-east-africa-why-isnt-this-on-the-nightly-news/>, July 2021.
Inyandiko ya Dr MUNYANSANGA Olivier/umwarimu muri PIASS
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