Imyaka ibaye myinshi ijambo Coup d’Etat muri Afurika ryumvikana mu matwi y’abatuye uyu mugabane, impirimbanyi zaharaniye ubwigenge bw’Afurika zagiye zitenguhwa n’abatarishimiraga ibyo bakoze maze mu nyungu z’abakoloni banyura ku batarajyanaga n’abandi babahesha ubutegetsi ku ngufu mu rwego rwo kuguma muri Afurika mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi.
Kuva mu 2010 kugeza ubu, muri Afurika habaye Coup d’Etat cyangwa kuzigerageza mu bihugu bitandukanye by’uyu mugabane inshuro zirenga 30, iki ni gihamya cy’ukuntu iki kibazo kiganje, bivuzeko buri mwaka haba Coup d’Etat cyangwa kuyigerageza byibura inshuro eshatu.
Nta minsi ishize kuri uyu mugabane humvikanye ihirika ry’ubutegetsi rirenze gatatu. Urugero rwa hafi ni Alpha Conde wa Guinea wegujwe n’abasirikare kabuhariwe bayobowe na Lt Col Mamady Doumbouya, hari tariki 5 Nzeri 2021.
Coup d’Etat yo muri Guinea yaje ikurikira indi yavuzwe vuba aha muri Madagascar, ubutegetsi bwaho buvuga ko bwayiburijemo, hari kandi Coup d’Etat yabaye inshuro ebyiri muri Mali, ubwo Col Assimi Goïta yahirikaga ubutegetsi bw’uwari Perezida wa Mali, Ibrahim Boubakar Keita. Ndetse nyuma y’umwaka umwe akuraho n’uwo yari yamusimbuje Bah Ndaw n’uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe we, Moctar Ouane, ibi byabaye muri Gicurasi 2021.
UMUSEKE wagiranye ikiganiro cyihariye n’impuguke muri Politike akanayikurikiranira hafi, Dr Ismaël Buchanan, maze avuga ko ikibaoa cya Coup d’Etat atari umwihariko w’Afurika ahubwo aruko ariho ziganje, gusa ngo ikibazo kizitera si ukuba abayobozi bamara igihe kinini ahubwo ikibazo ni icyo bakora iki muri icyo gihe.
“Ibyo bizeza ko baje gukorera rubanda nibyo bakora? Cyangwa iyo bageze ho bamwe bikorera mu nyungu zabo bwite aho kuba izarubanda.”
Dr Ismaël Buchanan, asanga benshi mu bayobozi b’Afurika iyo bajya ku buyobozi bizeza abaturage kubakorera ariko bageraho ubuyobozi bwabo bukamungwa na ruswa, ukwikubira, imiyoborere mibi, gutsikamiza bamwe no kutumva ko bashyizweho n’abaturage.
Ati “Ikibazo nyamukuru si ukuba umuntu yamara igihe kinini ku butegetsi, kuko byose biterwa n’imihitiremo y’abaturage. Hari ibihugu byinshi biyoborwa n’abami kandi abaturage baho barishimye, imyaka bamaze si mike. Ikibazo ni ukumenya ngo uwo muyobozi uriho aha uburenganzira abo ayobora, abaha ibyo bifuza mu bukungu, ubuzima n’ibindi.”
Mu bindi bihugu by’Uburayi hari ibihugu abayobozi bamaraho igihe kirekire kandi itegeko nshinga rigahindurwa ariko nta Coup d’Etat zahabaye, urugero rwa hafi atanga ni Ubudage Angel Merkel wamaze imyaka myinshi ariko ntihagire ikibazo biteza, hakiyongeraho Ubwongereza umwamikazi Elizabeth amaze imyaka irenga 30 ku buyobozi ariko iki gihugu kikaba gitekanye.
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Aha niho Dr Ismaël Buchanan, ahera avuga ko mu gihe cyose umuyobozi akoreye rubanda nta kibazo byateza, nyamara iyo abayobozi b’Afurika biyamamaza bitwaza gukorera inyungu za rubanda ariko bagera ku butegetsi bagakora ibinyuranye.
Yagize ati “Ikibazo nyamukuru ni imiyoborere mibi, abayobozi bamwe bajya kubutegetsi biyita abakozi ba rubanda, bamaraho igihe gito ugasanga bamunzwe na ruswa, bamwe ntibumve abaturage babashyizeho. Benshi usanga barigwijeho umutung w’igihugu nta muturage ukivuga nuvuze bikamugwa nabi.”
Ikizakemura ibi bibazo bya politike na Coup d’Etat muri Afurika ni uguhindura imyumvire yo kumva ko umuyobozi akorera rubanda kandi abantu bose bagafatwa kimwe nta kuvangura ku buryo uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu bukubahirizwa ibyo byose ubwo bizagerwaho Afurika izabaho yubakiye kuri demokarasi ihamye, ibi ariko bizagerwaho abayobozi nibumva ko bakorera rubanda binyuze mu byo bakora.
Ese kuki Coup d’Etat z’Afurika arizo twumva ahandi ntizivugwe?
Iki kibazo kibazwa n’abatari bake, gusa itangazamakuru ryo mu Burengerazuba bw’Isi usanga ryihishe inyuma yo kugaragaza ko iki kibazo ari icyo muri Afurika. Gusa bijyana nuko igisirikare cya Afurika kitarabona ko gukemura ikibazo atari uguhirika ubutegetsi ahubwo ko n’inzira y’amahoro yakemura ibibazo.
Dr Ismaël Buchanan, ahamya ko Coup d’Etat ziri muri Afurika ubwinshi bwazo aribwo butuma zibangamira ishusho nziza uyu mugabane wifuza.
Ati “Coup d’Etat si iz’Afurika gusa kuko ku Isi hose zirahaba nk’Amerika, Turikiya byarahabaye vuba aha. Abantu bakwiye kwibaza kuki Afurika ariho bivugwa, gusa nyine ntitwakirengagiza ubwinshi bwazo. Imyumvire n’ubuzima uyu mugabane urimo harimo ubukene, imiyoborere mibi, ubukungu butifashe neza ndetse n’ingaruka y’abakoloni. Ibi byose byatumye benshi bumva ko gukemura ikibazo ari Coup d’Etat aho kuyoboka inzira y’amahoro.”
Akomeza avuga ko igihe Afurika imaze ibonye ubwigenge ituma politike y’umugabane itaragera aheza nubwo avuga ko imyaka ishize ihagije gusa ngo biracyabangamiwe n’aya myumvire y’abayobozi batarumva ko umuyobozi ajyaho gukorera abaturage.
Afurika niyubaka igisirikare cy’umwuga Coup d’Etat zizagabanuka.
Iyo abantu basubije amaso inyuma bakareba ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi ryabaye, akenshi igisirikare nicyo kibyihishe inyuma. Dr Ismaël Buchanan asanga hakwiye kubakwa cy’umwuga, gifite abantu bize kandi bazi akamaro kacyo.
Ati “Hari henshi muri Afurika inyeshyamba cyangwa intagondwa zihuzwa n’igisirkare, aho rero hakenewe amahugurwa, hakenewe abantu bazi neza akamaro k’igisirkare. Afurika rero igisirikare gihari gikwiye gukomezwa kikaba icy’umwuga kuko nibyo bizafasha mu gushyiraho bwa buyobozi butavangura ahubwo bukorera bose aho kwibanda ku miryango yabo, amatsinda runaka n’uduce tumwe.”
Coup d’Etat zabaye muri Afurika imyaka icumi ishize
Kuva mu 2010 kugeza magingo aya, nta mwaka washira kuri uyu mugabane hatavuzwe Coup d’Etat cyangwa hakaba igeragezwa ryayo.
Mu mwaka wa 2015 i Burundi hapfubye Coup d’Etat, Iyi kudeta ya Gatanu mu Burundi yakozwe n’umusirikare Mukuru Gen Major Godeffroi Niyombare, wari wizeye gushyigikirwa n’izindi ngabo ariko akaza gutungurwa, bigatuma Pierre Nkurunziza akomeza kuyobora u Burundi.
Muri Niger, Tariki 12 Gashyantare 2021, Salo u Djobo yashimuse perezida Ma madoi Tandja maze ubwo aba ahiritse ubutegetsi. Uwo mwaka kandi muri Madagascar hageragejwe Coup d’Etat ubwo Andry Rajoelina yari ahiritswe n’uwari Minisitiri w’Ingabo afatanyije n’uwari ukuriye umutwe w’ingabo zidasanzwe.
Umwaka wakurikiyeho nta cyabaye gusa zarageragejwe mu bihugu bitandukanye. Mu 2021, Perezida Amadou Toumani Touré wa Mali, tariki 22 Werurwe Capt. Amadou Sanogo yamukuye ku butegetsi. Ibi bijyana n’ibyakozwe na Laurent Gbagbo ibyo yari agiye gukorera Alassane Outtara muri Cote d’Ivoire. Ni kimwe kandi n’ibyabaye muri Sudani bikorewe Omar ar al-Bashiri nubwo ababikoze batageze ku ntego yabo.
Mu mwaka wa 2013 muri Central Afurika ibyabaye kuri perezida François Bozizé Yangouvonda ntawutabizi kuko hagati ya tariki na 23 na 24 Werurwe, byari bihagije ngo ahirikwe muri Coup d’Etat yari irangajwe imbere na Miche Djotodia. Uwo mwaka kandi mu Misiri, Gen. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi yahiritse Mohamed Morsi n’abagize guverinoma bari batsindanye amatora. Ibintu byatwaye ubuzima abarenga 1, 150 bari bashyigikiye ubu buyobozi.
Igisirikare kandi cyongeye guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Robert Mugabe mu 2017, aho iki gikorwa cyari kiyobowe na Gen. Constantino Chiwenga. Ibi byabaye kandi kuri Omar ar al-Bashir mu 2019 muri Sudani bikozwe n’igisirikare.
Mu 2020 Col. Assimini Goïta muri Kanama yayoboye Coup d’Etat yahiritse ku butegetsi Ibrahim Boubakar Keita ibi uyu mu koroneli yabisubiye muri Gicurasi 2021 ubwo yataga muri yombi Perezida Bah Ndaw na Minisitiri w’Intebe Moctar Ouane, hadaciye kabiri bafunze bahiritswe ku butegetsi.
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NKURUNZIZA Jean Baptiste / UMUSEKE.RW