Isesengura ry’Umunyamategeko MUNYANDINDA J. Bosco, ukorera muri LEX Chambers (0788383936)
Abantu benshi bemera kwishingira inguzanyo ya bene wabo, inshuti cyangwa abo bakorana, bagamije kubafasha kubona amafaranga muri banki cyangwa muri SACCO. Hari ubwo iyo uwahawe inguzanyo atayishyuye, umwishingizi asabwa kwishyura umwenda, inyungu cyangwa ibindi byishyuzwa biteganywa n’amasezerano; yaba yaratanze umutungo we nk’ingwate, ukagurishwa kugira ngo banki yishyurwe. Nyamara uburyozwe bw’umwishingizi bugira umupaka. Bugengwa n’ibyo yemeye mu nyandiko, kandi uwatanze inguzanyo ntashobora kubwagura uko yishakiye.
Umwishingizi w’inguzanyo ni nde?
Umwishingizi ni umuntu wemera ko, iyo uwahawe inguzanyo atubahirije inshingano ze, ashobora kwishyura umwenda cyangwa igice cyawo yishingiye. Hagomba ariko gutandukanywa abantu babiri: Umwishingizi w’umwenda: wemera ko ashobora kwishyura umwenda igihe uwahawe inguzanyo atawishyuye; n’Uwatanze umutungo nk’ingwate: yemera ko umutungo we, nk’ubutaka cyangwa inzu, ushobora kuvamo ubwishyu bw’umwenda w’undi.
Umuntu ashobora kuba umwishingizi w’umwenda atatanze umutungo, cyangwa agatanga umutungo nk’ingwate atiyemeje kwishyura amafaranga arenze agaciro cyangwa inshingano zashyizwe kuri uwo mutungo. Ni yo mpamvu inyandiko yashyizweho umukono ari yo igomba kubanza gusuzumwa.
Ubwishingire bugomba kuba bwanditse
Itegeko rigenga amasezerano rishyira amasezerano y’ubwishingire mu masezerano agomba kugaragazwa n’inyandiko. Bityo, banki cyangwa undi watanze inguzanyo ntakwiye kwemeza ko umuntu yabaye umwishingizi ashingiye gusa ku kiganiro, ku bucuti afitanye n’uwahawe inguzanyo cyangwa ku kuba baraganiriye ibijyanye n’inguzanyo.
Inyandiko y’ubwishingire igomba kugaragaza neza umwenda wishingirwa; uwahawe inguzanyo; uwatanze inguzanyo; ingano y’umwenda wishingiwe; igihe ubwishingire buzamara; niba bukubiyemo inyungu n’ibindi byishyuzwa; n’igihe umwishingizi ashobora gukurikiranwa.
Umwishingizi yishyura amafaranga yose banki ivuga?
Si ngombwa. Umwishingizi aryozwa gusa ibyo yemeye kwishingira. Ibi Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabishimangiye mu rubanza rwaciwe ku wa 08/03/2024, haburana Bugingo Claude, ECOBANK Rwanda Plc na Kadogi Jean Paul. Rwatanze umurongo ko “Ubwishingire bugomba kugaragaza mu buryo bweruye, ingano y’umwenda uwishingiye yemeye kwishingira, bitaba ibyo ubwishingire bugafatwa nk’ubutigeze bubaho.”
Bivuze ko ubwishingire budakwiye gukekeranywa cyangwa gusobanurwa mu buryo bugari burengera uwatanze inguzanyo gusa. Banki igomba kugaragaza inyandiko isobanutse yerekana umwenda n’ingano yawo umwishingizi yemeye.
Mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru, Bugingo Claude yari yarishingiye inguzanyo ya Frw 9.000.000 yatanzwe mu 2005. Mu 2011, banki n’uwahawe inguzanyo bavuguruye amasezerano, umwenda ugera kuri frw 18.093.283, ugomba kwishyurwa mu mezi 200 kandi wongerwaho inyungu ya 16% ku mwaka. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze ubwishingire bwo mu 2005 butarahise buba ubwishingire bw’inguzanyo yavuguruwe mu 2011, kuko umwishingizi atabimenyeshejwe ngo abyemere.
Ibi bigaragaza ihame rikomeye ko banki n’uwahawe inguzanyo badashobora guhindura umwenda, kuwongera cyangwa kongera igihe cyo kuwishyura, ngo izo mpinduka zihite zibazwa umwishingizi atarazemeye. Iyo amasezerano avuguruwe mu buryo bwongera inshingano z’umwishingizi, haba hagomba kuba ubwumvikane bweruye.
Ni ryari Banki ishobora guhita yishyuza umwishingizi?
Igisubizo gishingira ku masezerano yashyizweho umukono. Iyo umwishingizi yemeye gufatanya n’uwahawe inguzanyo kwishyura umwenda, banki ishobora kumukurikirana hakurikijwe ubwo bwishingire. Ariko iyo amasezerano ateganya ko uwahawe inguzanyo ari we ugomba kubanza gukurikiranwa cyangwa ko hari ingwate igomba kubanza kuvamo ubwishyu, ibyo bigomba kubahirizwa.
Ni yo mpamvu umwishingizi agomba kumenya neza niba amasezerano avuga ko yishingiye umwenda wose cyangwa igice cyawo; azishyura afatanyije n’uwahawe inguzanyo; banki ishobora kumukurikirana ako kanya; cyangwa akurikiranwa nyuma y’uko izindi nzira zo kwishyuza uwahawe inguzanyo zananiranye. Rero ntabwo izina “umwishingizi” ryonyine rihagije; harebwa inshingano nyazo ziri mu masezerano.
Iyo umwishingizi yatanze ingwate
Uwatanze umutungo we nk’ingwate y’inguzanyo y’undi aba yemeye ko uwo mutungo ushobora kuvamo ubwishyu igihe umwenda utishyuwe. Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Ubutaka rusobanura ko amasezerano yo gutiza undi ubutaka nk’ingwate akorerwa imbere ya noteri w’ubutaka.
Mbere yo gushyiraho umukono, nyir’umutungo akwiriye kumenya umwenda umutungo wishingira; umubare ntarengwa w’amafaranga; igihe ingwate izamara; niba ingwate ireba umwenda umwe cyangwa indi myenda; uburyo azamenyeshwa ko uwahawe inguzanyo atishyura n’uburyo umutungo ushobora kugurishwa. Iyo uwahawe inguzanyo atishyuye kandi inzira zo kugurisha ingwate zigakurikizwa, uwatanze umutungo ashobora kuwutakaza nubwo aba atarigeze ahabwa amafaranga y’inguzanyo.
Umwishingizi wishyuye asigarana ubuhe burenganzira?
Umwishingizi wishyuye umwenda w’uwahawe inguzanyo ntaba awumuhaye nk’impano, keretse iyo hari amasezerano abivuga ukundi. Ashobora gusaba uwari warahawe inguzanyo kumusubiza umwenda yamwishyuriye; amafaranga bifitanye isano yatanze n’indishyi zemewe zituruka ku gihombo yagize. Ashobora kandi gusimbura uwatanze inguzanyo ku burenganzira yari afite bwo kwishyuza umwenda no ku ngwate zawo, ibikunze kwitwa “subrogation”.
Iyo banki, kubera amakosa yayo, itumye umwishingizi atakaza amahirwe yo kuyisimbura ku ngwate cyangwa ku bundi burenganzira nyuma yo kwishyura, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku nshingano z’umwishingizi. Mu rubanza rwa Bugingo Claude, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze ataragombaga gutegekwa gufatanya n’uwahawe inguzanyo kwishyura, kubera ko banki yari yakoze amakosa yamuvukije amahirwe yo kuyisimbura iyo aza kuba yishyuye umwenda.
Ingingo zose zikubiye mu masezerano ziremewe?
Kuba umuntu yarashyize umukono ku masezerano ntibisobanura ko ingingo zose ziyakubiyemo zihita zigira agaciro. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatanze n’undi murongo uvuga ko “Ingingo zose zirenganya rumwe mu ruhande rugirana amasezerano nta gaciro zigomba kugira kuko zitubahirije ubwisanzure mu masezerano bugomba kuranga abayagirana.” Ibi bihura n’amahame yo kurengera umuguzi wa serivisi y’imari, harimo kumuha amakuru yumvikana, kutamuyobya no kutamushyiriraho ingingo zimurenganya.
Ariko kuba umwishingizi avuga ko atasomye amasezerano ntibihagije buri gihe kugira ngo avanweho inshingano. Agomba kugaragaza inenge iri mu masezerano, kutamenyeshwa amakuru y’ingenzi, impinduka atigeze yemera cyangwa indi mpamvu yemewe n’amategeko.
Mu rubanza rwaciwe ku wa 28/06/2024, haburana Niyigena Eraste, ECOBANK Rwanda Plc na Kantarama Félicie, hasuzumwe ikibazo cy’umutungo wari watijwe nk’ingwate ukagurishwa kubera umwenda utishyuwe. Iki kibazo cyagaragaje ingaruka zifatika zo gutiza umuntu ingwate, aho uwatanze umutungo ashobora kuwutakaza, hanyuma agasigara akurikirana uwahawe inguzanyo kugira ngo amusubize agaciro k’umutungo yatakaje n’ibindi byangiritse.
Ni yo mpamvu kwishingira umuntu cyangwa kumutiza umutungo nk’ingwate bitagomba gufatwa nk’ubufasha bwo gushyiraho umukono gusa. Ni icyemezo gishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutungo w’umwishingizi.
Umusozo
Uwishingizi w’inguzanyo si umutangabuhamya w’amasezerano. Aba yemeye inshingano ishobora gutuma yishyura umwenda w’undi cyangwa agatakaza umutungo yatanze nk’ingwate. Gusa uburyozwe bwe bugarukira ku byo yemeye mu buryo bweruye. Ubwishingire bugomba kuba bwanditse, bukagaragaza umwenda n’ingano yawo. Inguzanyo ivuguruwe cyangwa yongerewe umwishingizi atabimenyeshejwe kandi atabyemeye ntigomba guhita imureba. Mu magambo make: umwishingizi ashobora kwishyuzwa, ariko ntashobora kwishyuzwa umwenda atigeze yemera kwishingira.
Icyitonderwa: Iyi nyandiko iratanga amakuru rusange yerekeranye n’ mategeko. Ntisimbura inama yihariye itangwa nyuma yo gusuzuma imiterere y’ikibazo, amasezerano y’inguzanyo, inyandiko y’ubwishingire, ingwate n’ibindi bimenyetso.
