Isesengura ry’Umunyamategeko MUNYANDINDA J. Bosco, ukorera muri LEX Chambers (0788383936)
Hari igihe umuntu agura telefone bamubwira ko ari nzima; yagera mu rugo agasanga bateri yayo ntitindana umuriro. Undi akagura imodoka, nyuma y’iminsi mike moteri igatangira gusohora umwotsi; umukanishi akamubwira ko ikibazo cyari gisanzwe gihari, ariko cyarahishwe. Hari n’ugura firigo, televiziyo cyangwa imashini, ikanga gukora neza ikiva mu iduka.
Iyo umuguzi asubiye ku mucuruzi, ashobora gusanganizwa amagambo amenyerewe agira ati: “Ibyaguzwe ntibisubizwa.” Ese kwandika ayo magambo ku nyemezabuguzi cyangwa ku rukuta rw’iduka bivuze ko inshingano zose z’umucuruzi ziba zimuvuyeho? Ese umuguzi wabonye inenge nyuma yo kugura aba agomba kwirengera igihombo? Mu gusubiza ibi bibazo ni byiza gusobanukirwa n’icyitwa mu bucuruzi “inenge ihishe”.
Inenge ihishe
Inenge ihishe ni ikibazo igicuruzwa kiba cyari gifite igihe cyagurwaga, ariko umuguzi atarashoboraga guhita ayimenya akoresheje ubushishozi busanzwe. Gusa, buri kibazo kibonetse nyuma yo kugura ntabwo gihita kiba inenge ihishe. Kiba kigomba kuba gisanzwe kiri ku gicuruzwa cyangwa gifite inkomoko mu miterere cyari gifite igihe yakiguraga.
Itegeko ryerekeye ihiganwa mu bucuruzi no kurengera umuguzi rifite ingingo nyinshi zishobora gufasha uwaguze igicuruzwa akagisangana inenge. Rigena uburenganzira bw’umuguzi, ritegeka ko ubwo burenganzira bwubahirizwa, risaba kubahiriza amasezerano y’ubucuruzi, rikanabuza kugaragaza igicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi mu buryo bubeshya cyangwa buyobya.
Iryo tegeko kandi rivuga ku gutanga inyemezabuguzi. Iyi nyemezabuguzi ni ingenzi kuko ishobora kugaragaza icyo waguze, uwo wakiguzeho, igihe wakiguze n’amafaranga wishyuye. Rinavuga kandi ku buryozwe bw’inenge ishingiye ku gicuruzwa cyangwa kuri serivisi; no ku bwishingira bikunze kwitwa “garanti”. Rinateganya serivisi zitangwa nyuma yo kugurisha.
Rero, umucuruzi ntabwo agomba gusa kwakira amafaranga; afite n’inshingano yo gutanga igicuruzwa gihuye n’ibyo yasezeranyije, kidashuka umuguzi kandi kidashyira ubuzima cyangwa umutungo we mu kaga.
Ikibazo ntikigarukira ku kintu cyanze gukora burundu. Igicuruzwa gishobora kugira inenge iyo kidashobora gukora icyo ibintu byo muri ubwo bwoko bisanzwe bikora; kidakora icyo umuguzi yari yabwiye umucuruzi ko agishakira; kidahuye n’ibisobanuro byatanzwe mu matangazo cyangwa mu masezerano; ditandukanye n’icyitegererezo (sample) umuguzi yeretswe; kidafite ubuziranenge cyangwa umutekano umuguzi yari yiteze; cyari gifite ikibazo ariko umucuruzi akagihisha; cyagurishijwe nk’igishya kandi cyarakoreshejwe; cyangwa cyaragurishijwe nk’icy’umwimerere kandi ari icyiganano.
Umucuruzi ashobora kuvuga ko na we atari azi inenge. Kutamenya inenge kwe bishobora kugira uruhare mu kugena urugero rw’uburyozwe, ariko ntibihita bikuraho uburenganzira bw’umuguzi bwo kubona igicuruzwa gihuye n’amasezerano. Umuguzi aba yishyuye amafaranga kugira ngo ahabwe ikintu gishobora gukora icyo yakiguriye. Ntabwo aba yakiguze kugira ngo yirengere igihombo cy’ikibazo cyari gisanzwe kiriho.
Iyo bigaragaye ko umucuruzi yari azi inenge akayihisha, ikibazo kirushaho gukomera. Bishobora kwitwa kugaragaza igicuruzwa mu buryo bubeshya cyangwa buyobya, ndetse umuguzi akaba yasaba no kwishyurwa ibindi bihombo byatewe n’uburiganya cyangwa amakuru atari ukuri.
Kuvuga ko “Ibyaguzwe bidasubizwa” bivuze iki ku muguzi?
Aya magambo ashobora kugira agaciro ku muguzi wahinduye gusa ibitekerezo kandi igicuruzwa nta kibazo gifite. Ariko ntakwiye gukoreshwa nk’urwitwazo rwo guhatira umuguzi kugumana ikintu gifite inenge, gitandukanye n’icyo yatumije cyangwa kitameze nk’uko yakibwiwe. Umucuruzi ntakwiye kwandika ingingo mu masezerano igamije kumwemerera kurenga ku burenganzira umuguzi ahabwa n’amategeko.
Itegeko riteganya ingingo z’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi zibangamira umuguzi. Bityo, amagambo ari kuri fagitire, nka “nta garanti”, “ibyaguzwe ntibisubizwa” cyangwa “umuguzi yemeye ikintu uko kiri”, agomba gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku miterere y’ubucuruzi, amakuru yatanzwe n’inenge yavumbuwe. Ntabwo interuro yanditswe n’umucuruzi ijya hejuru y’itegeko.
Gusubizwa amafaranga yose ntabwo ari cyo gisubizo gihita gikurikizwa muri buri kibazo. Hashobora kubanza kurebwa uburemere bw’inenge; niba ishobora gukosorwa mu gihe gikwiye; niba igicuruzwa gishobora gusimbuzwa; icyo amasezerano cyangwa garanti biteganya; niba umucuruzi yaramenyeshejwe ikibazo agahabwa uburyo bwo kugikemura; niba igicuruzwa kigifite umumaro umuguzi yagishakiraga; cyangwa niba inenge yatewe n’umuguzi nyuma yo kugura.
Bitewe n’ikibazo, umuguzi ashobora gusaba ko igicuruzwa gisanwa nta kindi kiguzi; ko gisimbuzwa ikindi kidafite inenge; ko igiciro kigabanywa; ko amasezerano aseswa, agasubiza igicuruzwa na we agasubizwa amafaranga; cyangwa ko yishyurwa igihombo cyatewe n’inenge.
Iyo inenge ari nto kandi ishobora gukosorwa burundu kandi mu gihe gikwiye, gusana bishobora kuba igisubizo gihagije. Ariko iyo igicuruzwa kidashobora gukora icyo cyaguriwe, gusana bikanga cyangwa ikibazo kigahora kigaruka, gusimbuza igicuruzwa cyangwa gusubizwa amafaranga bishobora kuba ari byo bikwiye.
Garanti si yo yonyine iha umuguzi uburenganzira
Abantu benshi bibwira ko iyo urupapuro rwa garanti rwatakaye cyangwa igihe cyanditseho cyarangiye, inshingano zose zari ku mucuruzi zihita zimuvaho. Nyamara, garanti yanditse ni isezerano ryiyongera ku burenganzira umuguzi ahabwa n’amategeko. Kubura kwayo ntibihita byemeza ko umucuruzi ashobora kugurisha ikintu gifite inenge ihishe cyangwa akabeshya ku miterere yacyo.
Umucuruzi ntakwiye guhisha amategeko ya garanti cyangwa kuyahindura ikibazo kimaze kuboneka. Gusa umuguzi na we agomba kugira ubushishozi; ntabwo ashobora kwitwaza inenge yabonye cyangwa yabwiwe mbere yo kugura. Umuntu uguze imodoka bamubwiye kandi akemera ko “air conditioning” idakora ntashobora nyuma kurega ko iyo ari inenge yahishwe. Uguze telefone ifite écran yamenetse kandi akagabanyirizwa igiciro kubera iyo mpamvu na we aba yaramenye icyo kibazo.
Icyakora, kureba igicuruzwa ntibisobanura kugikoreraho isuzuma rya gihanga. Umuguzi usanzwe ntabwo ategetswe kuba umukanishi, umuhanga mu mashanyarazi cyangwa inzobere muri mudasobwa. Ni yo mpamvu ikibazo cyo kumenya niba inenge yaragaragaraga gishingira ku miterere y’igicuruzwa, ubushobozi busanzwe bw’umuguzi n’amakuru umucuruzi yamuhaye.
Bigenda bite iyo ari igicuruzwa cya “occasion”?
Hari itandukaniro hagati yo kugura igicuruzwa cyakoreshejwe no kugurishwa igicuruzwa gifite inenge yahishwe. Kuba ikintu cyaraguzwe ari occasion (second hand) ntibivuze ko kigomba kuba cyarangiritse. Birumvikana ko umuguzi w’imodoka imaze imyaka 15 adashobora kwitega ko imera nk’ivuye mu ruganda. Imyaka yayo, urugendo yakoze, igiciro n’inenge yabwiwe bigira uruhare mu kugena ibyo yari akwiriye kwitega.
Ariko umucuruzi ntashobora kuvuga ko imodoka “nta kibazo na kimwe ifite” kandi azi ko moteri yayo yangiritse. Kuba ari “occasion” ntibiha ugurisha uburenganzira bwo guhisha amakuru akomeye.
Ni nde ugomba gutanga ibimenyetso?
Ubusanzwe, uvuga ko igicuruzwa gifite inenge agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bishyigikira ibyo avuga. Ariko n’umucuruzi ashobora gusabwa kwerekana amakuru yahaye umuguzi, garanti, inyemezabuguzi n’uko igicuruzwa cyari kimeze. Ku bikoresho biramba nka telefoni, imodoka, imashini cyangwa inzu, raporo y’impuguke ishobora kuba ingenzi mu kwerekana icyateye ikibazo, igihe gishobora kuba cyaratangiriye n’ikiguzi cyo kugikosora.
Amategeko arengera umuguzi, ariko ntabwo amwemerera kwangiza ikintu hanyuma ngo asabe ko umucuruzi akiryozwa. Umucuruzi ashobora kutaryozwa iyo agaragaje ko inenge yatewe no gukoresha igicuruzwa mu buryo butateganyijwe; no kutubahiriza amabwiriza y’imikoreshereze; n’impanuka yabaye nyuma yo kukigura; no gusanwa n’umuntu utabyemerewe; no kugihindura cyangwa kugikuramo ibice; cyangwa n’uko cyakoreshejwe nabi cyangwa kitabitswe neza.
Uguze kuri internet afite ubundi burenganzira
Kugura kuri internet biragora kuko umuguzi ashobora gufata icyemezo ashingiye ku ifoto cyangwa ku bisobanuro by’ugurisha, atabonye igicuruzwa imbonankubone. Itegeko ryashyizeho amabwiriza yihariye ku bucuruzi bwo kuri internet; rigena inshingano z’ikigo gikora ubucuruzi bukoresha ikoranabuhanga, rikanagena uburenganzira bw’umuguzi muri ubwo bucuruzi.
Mu masezerano amwe akorewe kure, umuguzi ashobora kwisubiraho mu gihe cyateganyijwe nyuma yo kwakira igicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi; hakurikijwe ibisabwa n’amategeko. Ibi bitandukanye no gusubiza igicuruzwa kubera inenge: kwisubiraho bishobora kubaho nubwo igicuruzwa cyaba kitangiritse, mu gihe kugisubiza kubera inenge bishingira ku kuba kitameze nk’uko cyagombaga kumera.
Hari ariko ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi bishobora kutarebwa n’uburenganzira bwo kwisubiraho bitewe n’imiterere yabyo. Buri kibazo kigomba gusuzumwa ukwacyo.
Icyitonderwa-Disclaimer: Iyi nyandiko iratanga amakuru rusange. Ntisimbura inama yihariye y’umunyamategeko itangwa nyuma yo gusuzuma imiterere y’ikibazo cya buri muntu, amasezerano n’ibindi ibimenyetso.
