Iyi nyandiko turayikesha Umunyamategeko Munyandinda Jean Bosco
Mu minsi ishize, mu Rwanda havuzwe inkuru z’abantu batandukanye bakurikiranyweho gutanga sheki zitazigamiwe. Izi nkuru zongeye kubyutsa ikibazo gifitiye akamaro abacuruzi, ibigo n’abantu ku giti cyabo: Ese sheki yanze kwishyurwa iba ari ikibazo cy’umwenda usanzwe, cyangwa ishobora gutuma uwayitanze akurikiranwaho icyaha?
Gusubiza iki kibazo bisaba gutandukanya ibintu bibiri. Icya mbere ni ukunanirwa kwishyura umwenda, bishobora kubyara ikirego cy’indishyi cyangwa ikirego gisaba ko amasezerano yubahirizwa. Icya kabiri ni ugutanga sheki umuntu azi ko konti ye idafite amafaranga ahagije yo kuyishyura, igikorwa gishobora kugira ingaruka mu rwego rw’inshinjabyaha.
Icyakora, igihe umuntu yatawe muri yombi cyangwa ari gukorwaho iperereza ku cyaha nk’iki, ntibivuze ko aba yamaze kugihamywa. Akomeza gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamirije icyaha, nyuma y’urubanza rwabaye mu buryo bukurikije amategeko.
Sheki ni iki?
Sheki ni inyandiko umuntu ufite konti muri banki akoresha ategeka iyo banki kwishyura undi muntu amafaranga agaragazwa kuri iyo nyandiko. Uwanditse sheki yitwa uyitanze (“Drawer”/ “Tireur”), naho umuntu cyangwa ikigo cyakira amafaranga akaba ari uwishyurwa (“Payee”/ “Bénéficiaire”).
Mu bucuruzi, sheki ikoreshwa nk’uburyo bwo kwishyura, ariko kandi ikaba ikimenyetso giha uwayakiriye icyizere cy’uko azabona amafaranga igihe ayishyikirije banki.
Ni yo mpamvu sheki itandukanye n’inyandiko isanzwe yemera umwenda cyangwa isezerano ryo kuzishyura mu gihe kizaza (“promissory note”/ “billet à ordre”). Uyitanze aba ategetse banki kwishyura amafaranga agaragazwa kuri yo, hashingiwe ku yo asanzwe abitse kuri konti ye.
Sheki itazigamiwe
Sheki iba itazigamiwe iyo ishyikirijwe banki kugira ngo yishyurwe, ariko kuri konti y’uwayitanze hakaba nta mafaranga ahari cyangwa ahari akaba adahagije.
Urugero, umuntu ashobora gutanga sheki ya miliyoni 10Frw kandi kuri konti ye hari miliyoni 2Frw gusa. Iyo sheki ishyikirijwe banki, ishobora kutishyurwa kubera ko amafaranga ayizigamiye adahagije.
Ariko kuba sheki itishyuwe ntibihagije byonyine kugira ngo uwayitanze ahite afatwa nk’uwakoze icyaha. Hakwiye gusuzumwa impamvu yatumye itishyurwa, ibyo uwayitanze yari azi igihe yayandikaga n’imyitwarire ye mbere na nyuma yo kuyitanga.
Ni ryari gutanga sheki itazigamiwe biba icyaha?
Itegeko nº 060/2021 ryo ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2021 rigenga inyandiko zishobora gucuruzwa riteganya ibijyanye no gutanga sheki itazigamiwe.
Mu by’ingenzi bigomba gusuzumwa harimo kumenya niba umuntu yaratanze sheki azi ko kuri konti ye nta mafaranga ahagije ahari yo kuyishyura. Ijambo “azi” rifite agaciro gakomeye, kuko ryerekana ko iperereza ritagomba kurangirira gusa ku kuba banki yaranze kwishyura sheki.
Ibindi bikwiye gusuzumwa nko kureba :
- amafaranga yari kuri konti igihe sheki yatangwaga;
- niba uwayitanze yari azi uko konti ye yari ihagaze;
- niba yari yiteze amafaranga yari kuzagera kuri konti mbere y’uko sheki ishyikirizwa banki
- niba yarakuye cyangwa yarimuye amafaranga yari kuri konti nyuma yo gutanga sheki;
- niba yarahagaritse sheki nta mpamvu yemewe n’amategeko;
- imikoranire n’itumanaho byabaye hagati y’uwatanze sheki n’uwayihawe;
- niba sheki yaratanzwe nk’ubwishyu cyangwa nk’ingwate y’umwenda;
- imyitwarire y’impande zombi nyuma y’uko sheki yanze kwishyurwa.
Bityo, kuba umuntu afitiye undi umwenda ntibihita bivuga ko yakoze icyaha. Ariko iyo akoresheje sheki azi ko nta mafaranga ahagije ayizigamiye, ikibazo gishobora kuva mu rwego rw’umwenda usanzwe kikagera mu rwego rw’inshinjabyaha.
Ibihano biteganywa n’amategeko
Ingingo ya 126 y’Itegeko nº 060/2021 iteganya ko umuntu uhamijwe icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe ashobora guhanishwa igifungo kiri hagati y’imyaka ibiri n’itanu, ndetse n’ihazabu iri hagati y’inshuro eshanu n’inshuro icumi z’agaciro k’amafaranga agaragara kuri sheki.
Ibi bihano byerekana ko umushingamategeko afata sheki nk’igikoresho gikomeye mu bucuruzi no mu kwishyurana. Kuyikoresha nabi bishobora guhungabanya icyizere hagati y’abacuruzi, bigateza igihombo uwari utegereje kwishyurwa, ndetse bikagira ingaruka ku mikorere y’urwego rw’imari.
Iyo sheki yatanzwe mu izina ry’ikigo cyangwa sosiyete, hakwiye kandi gusuzumwa uwafashe icyemezo cyo kuyitanga, uwari ufite ububasha bwo gusinya, uko konti y’ikigo yari ihagaze n’amategeko agenga uburyozwe bw’umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa ubw’ikigo gifite ubuzima gatozi.
Sheki itazigamiwe ntigira ingaruka z’inshinjabyaha gusa
Usibye igifungo n’ihazabu bishobora gutangwa n’urukiko, sheki itazigamiwe ishobora no kugira izindi ngaruka ku wayitanze.
Amabwiriza nº 87/2024 yo ku wa 19 Ukuboza 2024 ya Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda yerekeye sheki zitazigamiwe ateganya uburyo banki n’ibigo by’imari bikurikirana bene izi sheki, inshingano z’impande bireba n’uburyo uwagaragaye nk’uwatanze sheki itazigamiwe ashobora gukurwa ku rutonde rw’abatemerewe gukoresha sheki.
Mu ngaruka zishobora kuvuka harimo:
- kwangirika kw’icyizere mu bucuruzi;
- kubuzwa cyangwa kugabanyirizwa ubushobozi bwo gukoresha sheki;
- kugira ingorane mu mikoranire na banki;
- kuregerwa kwishyura amafaranga ya sheki;
- kwishyuzwa indishyi z’igihombo cyatewe no kutishyura;
- gukurikiranwa mu rwego rw’inshinjabyaha igihe ibiteganywa n’amategeko byuzuye.
Bityo, gutanga sheki si igikorwa gikwiye gufatwa nko kuzuza urupapuro gusa. Ni icyemezo gishobora kubyara inshingano zikomeye mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi, urw’imari n’urw’ubutabera.
Ese kwishyura nyuma bikuraho icyaha?
Iki ni kimwe mu bibazo bikunze kwibazwa. Umuntu ashobora gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, ariko nyuma akishyura uwari uyifite. Ese ubwo ikirego kiba kirangiye?
Kwishyura amafaranga yari kuri sheki ni igikorwa gikomeye. Bishobora kurangiza cyangwa kugabanya ikibazo cy’umwenda, kugaragaza ubushake bwo gukosora ibyangiritse no kwitabwaho mu isuzumwa ry’ikibazo. Bishobora kandi gutuma uwari ufitiwe umwenda atongera kugira inyungu yo gukomeza ikirego cye cy’indishyi.
Ariko kwishyura nyuma ntibihita bifatwa nk’ibisiba byanze bikunze icyaha cyaba cyarakozwe mbere. Hakomeza gusuzumwa niba, igihe sheki yatangwaga, uwayitanze yari azi ko nta mafaranga ayizigamiye.
Ni ngombwa rero gutandukanya kwishyura umwenda no gusuzuma niba hari icyaha cyakozwe. Icya mbere kireba ahanini gusubiza uwari ufitiwe umwenda amafaranga ye; icya kabiri kikareba niba imyitwarire yabayeho yujuje ibimenyetso bigize icyaha.
Ese sheki yatanzwe nk’ingwate na yo ishobora guteza ikibazo?
Mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, hari igihe umuntu atanga sheki impande zombi zivuga ko ari “ingwate”, zikemeranya ko itazashyikirizwa banki mbere y’itariki runaka cyangwa mbere y’uko ikintu runaka kiba.
Ariko kwandika kuri sheki itariki yo mu gihe kizaza cyangwa kumvikana ko izakoreshwa nk’ingwate ntibivuze ko uwayitanze adashobora guhura n’ingaruka igihe iyo sheki ishyikirijwe banki ikanga kwishyurwa.
Mu gihe havutse impaka, amasezerano y’impande zombi, ubutumwa, inyandiko z’ubucuruzi, inyemezabuguzi n’ibindi bimenyetso bishobora gufasha kumenya impamvu sheki yatanzwe n’ibyo buri ruhande rwari rwiyemeje.
Ni byiza rero ko umuntu yirinda gutanga sheki idafite amafaranga ahagije yishingikirije gusa ku masezerano yo mu magambo avuga ko itazahita ikoreshwa.
Uwahawe sheki itazigamiwe yakora iki?
Iyo sheki itishyuwe, uwayihawe akwiye kubanza gusaba banki inyandiko cyangwa icyemezo kigaragaza impamvu itishyuwe. Akwiye kandi kubika sheki y’umwimerere, amasezerano, inyemezabuguzi, ubutumwa n’izindi nyandiko zose zigaragaza imvano y’umwenda.
Ashobora kumenyesha mu nyandiko uwatanze sheki, akamusaba kwishyura mu gihe cyagenwe. Iyo ikibazo kidakemutse, ashobora kugisha inama umunyamategeko ku nzira iboneye, harimo kuregera kwishyurwa, gusaba indishyi cyangwa kumenyesha urwego rw’ubugenzacyaha igihe hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko hashobora kuba harakozwe icyaha.
Gutanga ikirego cy’inshinjabyaha ntibikwiye gukoreshwa nk’uburyo bwo gutera ubwoba buri muntu wananiwe kwishyura umwenda. Inzego zibishinzwe zibanza gusuzuma niba ikibazo ari ukutubahiriza amasezerano gusa cyangwa niba koko hari ibimenyetso bigize icyaha.
Uregwa na we afite uburenganzira
Umuntu ukekwaho gutanga sheki itazigamiwe afite uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibyo akekwaho, kunganirwa n’umwunganizi mu mategeko, gutanga ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso bimurengera no kudafatwa nk’uwakoze icyaha mbere y’uko urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rugifataho icyemezo.
Itabwa muri yombi, ifungwa ry’agateganyo cyangwa koherezwa mu bushinjacyaha ni ibyiciro by’iperereza n’ikurikiranacyaha; si icyemezo gihamya icyaha.
Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe ukekwaho icyaha ari umuntu uzwi. Kuba amakuru ye yavuzwe cyane mu bitangazamakuru cyangwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga ntibigomba gusimbura ibimenyetso, urubanza ruboneye n’icyemezo cy’urukiko.
Ibitangazamakuru n’abakoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga bakwiye gukoresha imvugo nka “arakekwaho”, “ari gukorwaho iperereza” cyangwa “akurikiranyweho”, aho kuvuga ko umuntu “yakoze icyaha” kandi urukiko rutaragihamya.
Ni irihe somo abacuruzi bakuramo?
Mbere yo gutanga sheki, umuntu cyangwa ikigo bikwiye kugenzura ko kuri konti hari amafaranga ahagije kandi ko azakomeza kuhaba kugeza igihe sheki izishyurirwa.
Iyo amafaranga adahari, ni byiza guhitamo ubundi buryo bwemewe bwo kugaragaza umwenda cyangwa guteganya uko uzishyurwa, aho gutanga sheki ishobora kutishyurwa.
Ibigo na byo bikwiye kugira amabwiriza asobanutse yerekeye abasinyira kuri konti, kugenzura amafaranga ari kuri konti, kwemeza ubwishyu no kubika inyandiko z’ibyemezo byafashwe. Kuba sheki yarasinywe mu izina ry’ikigo ntibihita bikuraho inshingano z’abayobozi cyangwa abakozi bagize uruhare mu kuyitanga.
Umusozo
Sheki itazigamiwe ishobora gutangirira ku kibazo cy’umwenda, ariko bitewe n’ubumenyi n’imyitwarire by’uwayitanze, ikaba yanavamo ikurikiranacyaha rifite ibihano bikomeye.
Icyakora, ntabwo buri mwenda utishyuwe uba icyaha, kandi ntabwo buri sheki itishyuwe ihita ihamya ko uwayitanze yakoze icyaha. Inzego z’ubutabera zigomba gusuzuma ibimenyetso byose, cyane cyane niba uwayitanze yari azi ko nta mafaranga ahagije yari kuri konti ye.
Ku ruhande rumwe, amategeko agomba kurinda uwahawe sheki n’icyizere gikenewe mu bucuruzi. Ku rundi, agomba kurinda ukekwaho icyaha gucirwa urubanza n’amakuru cyangwa n’ibitekerezo bya rubanda mbere y’uko urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rufata icyemezo.
Icyitonderwa: Iyi nyandiko ni isesengura rusange rigamije gutanga amakuru ku mategeko. Ntabwo isimbura inama y’umunyamategeko ishingiye ku miterere y’ikibazo runaka.
